GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND CROSS-COUNTRY COLLABORATION ON DATA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ETHICS RESEARCH: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v10i1.7153Keywords:
Ethics, Technology, Collaboration, Culture, Policy, Diversity, Digital DivideAbstract
Publications on data and artificial intelligence ethics have grown in importance as more
international entities seek to adopt new rules and create international frameworks to manage
the same. Concerns remain, however, regarding the fragmented legal landscape and the absence
of a unified set of standards for big data and artificial intelligence technology. This study
examines data and AI ethical publishing and citation patterns from 1996 to 2022 (26 years). It
highlights the leading countries and institutions, prominent research streams, and cross-country
collaboration. Bibliometric analysis has been used to extract data from the Scopus database.
patterns. A title search strategy using particular keywords was used to extract 331 records. The
data was exported to VOS viewer software, Biblioshiny, and Excel for a thorough scientific
analysis. This study fills the gap by addressing the issue of international collaboration in data
and AI ethics research, as well as cultural diversity perspectives in international studies. The
findings revealed that 633 authors from 40 countries have contributed to data and AI ethics
documents. This shows that only a few countries contributed to global research trends in data
and AI ethics, indicating a dearth of different perspectives. Western colleges ' computer science
and philosophy professors affect data and AI ethics discussions in technology and society
journals. Oxford and Cambridge universities offer key viewpoints on the subject, while merely
three main clusters of cross-country collaboration took place. This study highlighted the
practical implications of increasing international collaboration in data and AI ethics research to
create a more inclusive and equitable global framework. The study is the foundation for
increased collaboration, which may dispel negative stereotypes, develop social cohesion,
promote tolerance, and foster improved decision-making and problem-solving.
References
AlgorithmWatch. (2019), “AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory”, available at:
https://inventory.algorithmwatch.org/database (accessed 10 April 2022).
Allen, C., Wallach, W. and Smit, I. (2006), “Why machine ethics?,” IEEE Intelligent
Systems, 21(4), pp. 12–17. doi: 10.1109/mis.2006.83.
Amarante, V., Burger, R., Chelwa, G., Cockburn, J., Kassouf, A., McKay, A., and
Zurbrigg, J. (2022), “Underrepresentation of developing country researchers in development
research”, Applied economics letters, 29(17), pp. 1659–1664. doi:
10.1080/13504851.2021.1965528.
Anderson, M., and Anderson, S. L. (2007), “Machine ethics: Creating an ethical intelligent
agent”, AI Magazine, Vol. 28 No. 4, p.15, doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v28i4.2065
Applin, S. A. (2019), Everyone’s talking about ethics in AI. Here’s what they’re missing, Fast
Company, available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/90356295/the-rush-toward-ethical-ai-
is-leaving-many-of-us-behind (accessed 19 May 2022).
Aria, M., and Cuccurullo, C. (2017), “Bibliometrix : An R-tool for comprehensive science
mapping analysis”, Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp.959–975.
doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., Bonnefon, J.-F., and
Rahwan, I. (2018), “The Moral Machine experiment”, Nature, Vol. 563 No. 7729, pp. 59–64.
doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6
Bharti, C. (2022) “The European union’s proposed artificial intelligence legislation and the
path ahead for Asian approaches to artifical intelligence,” in Handbook of Research on Cyber
Law, Data Protection, and Privacy. IGI Global, pp. 64–86.
Birchfield, V. L., Roy, V., and Sreedhar, V. (2023), “The EU’s potential to lead in “ethical
and secure” artificial intelligence: last, best hope?” Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 1-29.
Borsci, S., Lehtola, V. et.al. (2022), “Embedding artificial intelligence in society: looking
beyond the EU AI master plan using the culture cycle”, AI and Society.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01383-x
Brundage, M. (2014), “Limitations and risks of machine ethics”, Journal of Experimental and
Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 355–372.
doi.org/10.1080/0952813x.2014.895108
Castelvecchi, D. (2019), “AI pioneer: “The dangers of abuse are very real.” Nature.
https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00505-2
Chakravorti, B., Bhalla, A. and Chaturvedi, S. (2019), “Which countries are leading the
data economy?”, available at: https://hbr.org/2019/01/which-countries-are-leading-the-data-
economy (accessed 19 May 2022).
Chuang, C.-W., Chang, A., Chen, M., Selvamani, M. J. P., and Shia, B.-C. (2022), “A
worldwide bibliometric analysis of publications on artificial intelligence and ethics in the past
seven decades”, Sustainability, 14(18), 11125. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811125
Cihon, P. (2019), Standards for AI governance: international standards to enable global
coordination in AI research and development. Future of humanity institute technical report.
Available at: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Standards_-FHI-Technical-
Report.pdf (accessed 19 May 2022).
Di Cara, N. H. et al. (2022) “Data Ethics Club: Creating a collaborative space to discuss data
ethics,” Patterns (New York, N.Y.), 3(7), p. 100537. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100537.
Dutton, T., Barron, B., and Boskovic, G. (2018). Building An AI World. Cifar.Ca, available
at: https://cifar.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/buildinganaiworld_eng.pdf (accessed 19 May
2022)
Elsevier. (n.d.). “Why choose Scopus – Scopus benefits”, available at
https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/scopus/why-choose-scopus (accessed 10 April 2022).
Feldstein, S. (2023), “Evaluating Europe’s push to enact AI regulations: how will this influence
global norms?” Democratization, 1-18.
Floridi, L. (2019), “Translating principles into practices of digital ethics: Five risks of being
unethical”, Philosophy and Technology, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 185–193.
Floridi, L., and Taddeo, M. (2016), “What is data ethics?” Philosophical Transactions. Series
A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 374 No. 2083.
doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0360
Franzke, A. S. (2022), “An exploratory qualitative analysis of AI ethics guidelines”, Journal
of Information Communication and Ethics in Society, 20(4), pp. 401–423. doi: 10.1108/jices-
12-2020-0125.
Gao, H., and Ding, X. (2022). The research landscape on the artificial intelligence: a
bibliometric analysis of recent 20 years. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(9), 12973–
13001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12208-4
Gewin, V. (2022a) “Decolonization should extend to collaborations, authorship and co-
creation of knowledge,” Nature, 612(7938), p. 178. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-03822-1.
------ (2022b) “Institutions must acknowledge the racist roots in science,” Nature, 612(7938),
pp. 178–179. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-04123-3.
Goffi, E. R. (2021), “The importance of cultural diversity in AI ethics”, available at:
https://behorizon.org/the-importance-of-cultural-diversity-in-ai-ethics/ (accessed 10 April
2022).
Greene, T., Dhurandhar, A., and Shmueli, G. (2023), Atomist or holist? A diagnosis and
vision for more productive interdisciplinary AI ethics dialogue. Patterns, 4(1).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100652.
Hagendorff, T. (2020) “Publisher correction to: The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of
guidelines,” Minds and machines, 30(3), pp. 457–461. doi: 10.1007/s11023-020-09526-7.
Hagerty, A., and Rubinov, I. (2019), “Global AI ethics: A review of the social impacts and
ethical implications of artificial intelligence”, In arXiv [cs.CY], available at:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07892. (accessed 10 April 2022)
Hanna, R., and Kazim, E. (2021), “Philosophical foundations for digital ethics and AI Ethics:
a dignitarian approach”, AI and Ethics, 1(4), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-
00040-9
Hassan, R. R., Hassan, N. A., Sallehuddin, I. S., and Abdul Aziz, N. N. (2020), “Facebook
for intercultural communication: The foreign students’ experience”, Journal of International
Studies, Vol. 16, pp. 25–37. doi.org/10.32890/jis2020.16.2
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., and Vayena, E. (2019), “The global landscape of AI ethics
guidelines”, Nature Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1 No. 9, pp. 389–399. doi.org/10.1038/s42256-
019-0088-2
Karpa, D., Klarl, T., and Rochlitz, M. (2022). “Artificial Intelligence, Surveillance, and Big
Data”, In Advanced Studies in Diginomics and Digitalization (pp. 145–172). Springer
International Publishing.
Kerry, C. F., Meltzer, J. P., Renda, A., Engler, A., and Fanni, R. (2021), “Strengthening
international cooperation on AI”, available at:
https://www.brookings.edu/research/strengthening-international-cooperation-on-ai/ (accessed
10 April 2022).
Khan, A. A., Badshah, S., Liang, P., Waseem, M., Khan, B., Ahmad, A., and Akbar, M.
A. (2022), “Ethics of AI: A systematic literature review of principles and challenges”,
In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software
Engineering (pp. 383-392).
Lemke, C., Monett, D., and Mikoleit, M. (2023), “Digital ethics in data-driven organizations
and AI ethics as application example”, In Apply Data Science: Introduction, Applications and
Projects (pp. 31-48). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Maleh, Y., Sahid, A., and Belaissaoui, M. (2022), “A practical maturity for information
security policy organizations”, EDPACS, 65(1), 1–11.
in
https://doi.org/10.1080/07366981.2021.1885590
Marcovitch, I., and Rancourt, E. (2022), “A data ethics framework for responsible
responsive organizations in the digital world”, Statistical Journal of the IAOS, 38(4), 1161–
1172. https://doi.org/10.3233/sji-220067
Montasari, R. (2023) “National artificial intelligence strategies: A comparison of the UK, EU
and US approaches with those adopted by state adversaries,” in Advances in Information
Security. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 139–164.
Moor, J. H. (2006), “The nature, importance, and difficulty of machine ethics”, IEEE
Intelligent Systems, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 18–21. doi.org/10.1109/mis.2006.80
Morley, J. et al. (2020) “From what to how: An initial review of publicly available AI ethics
tools, methods and research to translate principles into practices,” Science and engineering
ethics, 26(4), pp. 2141–2168. doi: 10.1007/s11948-019-00165-5.
Naddaf, M. (2022), “‘Labour advantage’ drives greater productivity at elite
universities,” Nature. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-03784-4.
Nath, R., and Sahu, V. (2020), “The problem of machine ethics in artificial intelligence”, AI
and Society, 35(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0768-6
Nature. “How leading nations fare on applying knowledge” (2022) Nature, 612(7939), pp.
S12–S13. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-04206-1.
ÓhÉigeartaigh, S. S., Whittlestone, J., Liu, Y., Zeng, Y., and Liu, Z. (2020), “Overcoming
barriers to cross-cultural cooperation in AI ethics and governance”, Philosophy and
Technology, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 571–593. doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00402-x
Parthasarathy, S., Panigrahi, P. K., and Subramanian, G. H. (2023), “A framework for
managing ethics in data science projects”, Engineering Reports, e12722.
Puthur, L., Karakunnel, M., Miranda, D., and Arora, T. (2023), “Building A Data Ethical
Future”, Journal of Dharma, 48(2), 231-248.
Radu, R. (2021), “Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: national strategies in
perspective”, Policy and Society, 40(2), 178–193.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728
Reeve, J., Zaugg, I., and Zheng, T. (2022), “Mapping data ethics curricula”, Journal of
Information Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 388–399.
doi.org/10.1108/jices-12-2021-0124
Roche, C., Lewis, D., and Wall, P. J. (2021), “Artificial intelligence ethics: An inclusive
global discourse?” In arXiv [cs.CY]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2108.09959
Santo Faria, R. M. D. E., Torres, A. I., and Beirão, G. (2023), “Trustworthy Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning: Implications on Users' Security and Privacy
Perceptions”, Confronting Security and Privacy Challenges in Digital Marketing, 73-94.
Sartori, L., and Theodorou, A. (2022), “A sociotechnical perspective for the future of AI:
narratives, inequalities, and human control”, Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 24 No.
1. doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09624-3
Singh, A.-M., and Light, M. (2019) “Constraints on the growth of private policing: A
comparative international analysis”, Theoretical Criminology, 23(3), 295–314.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480617733727
Slota, S. C., Fleischmann, K. R., Greenberg, S., Verma, N., Cummings, B., Li, L., and
Shenefiel, C. (2022), “Locating the work of artificial intelligence ethics”, Journal of the
Association for Information Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24638
Tang, X., Li, X. and Ma, F. (2022) “Internationalizing AI: evolution and impact of distance
factors,” Scientometrics, 127(1), pp. 181–205. doi: 10.1007/s11192-021-04207-3.
Teferra, D., Sirat, M., and Beneitone, P. (2022), “The imperatives of academic collaboration
in Africa, Asia and Latin America”, International Journal of African Higher Education, 9(3),
13–35. https://doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v9i3.16035
Tidjon, L. N. and Khomh, F. (2023) “The different faces of AI ethics across the world: A
principle-to-practice gap analysis,” IEEE transactions on artificial intelligence, 4(4), pp. 820–
839. doi: 10.1109/tai.2022.3225132.
Tworek, H. (2019), “How transparency reporting could incentivize irresponsible content
moderation”, Centre for International Governance Innovation, 10.
UN News. (2021), “193 countries adopt first-ever global agreement on the Ethics of Artificial
Intelligence”, available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/11/1106612 (accessed 10 April
2022).
Von Ingersleben‐Seip, N. (2023), “Competition and cooperation in artificial intelligence
standard setting: Explaining emergent patterns”, Review of Policy Research.
Wahid, R., Shukri, S., & Ahmad, M. Z. (2023), “A bibliometric analysis on trends,
directions and major players of international relations studies”. Journal of International
Studies, 19(1),201-230. https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2023.19.1.8
Wiesmüller, S., and Bauer, M. (2023), “Governance of Collaborative AI Development
Strategies”. In Responsible Artificial Intelligence: Challenges for Sustainable
Management(pp. 91-109). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Winter, J. S. (2018), “Introduction to the special issue: Digital inequalities and discrimination
in the big data era”, Journal of Information Policy, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 1–4.
doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.8.2018.0001
Wong, P.H. (2020), “Cultural differences as excuses? Human rights and cultural values in
global ethics and governance of AI”, Philosophy and Technology, 33(4), 705–715.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00413-8
Zwitter, A. (2014), “Big Data ethics”, Big Data and Society, Vol. 1 No. 2, 205395171455925.
doi.org/10.1177/2053951714559253
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Diperbolehkan atau tidak mempublikasikan tulisan di resopitory instansi penulis
